Maintainanse of relationship Essay Example for Free

Maintainanse of relationship Essay The social exchange theory assumes relationships provide both rewards (e.g. sex, affection, intimacy) and costs (e.g. time, energy, money). Everyone tries to max reward for min costs. If a relationship is to continue, people expect the partner to reward them as much as they do. Therefore, the greater the rewards and lower the costs, the more attractive the relationship is. How to judge whether the rewards worth more than costs or vice versa depend on the Comparison Level (CL). CL is the overview of what to expect in the exchange from our past experience. If the person has a bad relationship before, he/she will expect little from the current partner; How satisfactory a person feels depends on the rewards (e.g. sex) and costs (e.g. argument) involved if they have another relationship with someone else (CL alt). The equity theory extends this view. It proposed that people strive for fairness between rewards costs. So, a person expects the same proportion of rewards to their costs; otherwise they will feel distress. This theory can account for individual differences as people have diff. view towards rewards and costs and so what is acceptable may not apply to others. For example, Argyle found that many women feel less satisfied when they are over-benefited in a relationship, whereas many males feel little dissatisfaction. Therefore, it becomes very useful in explaining extreme cases where some people in very unhappy relationship do not dissolve, yet those in mediocre marriages do- this is because the investment is high (e.g. children) and the alternatives are low (e.g. no money) and so people tend to stay (Rusbult). However, the claim that people constantly strive for rewards as motivation to maintain relationship has suggested people are selfish and self-centred in relationships. Yet it may be true to the Western individualistic cultures which emphasises on personal interests, but may not apply to non-western collectivistic cultures. This is because they emphasise on group values and so personal selfish concerns become socially undesirable. Therefore these theories are only relevant to Western cultures (Moghadamm et al). Another theory, the socio-biological theories, states that our behaviours are the result of evolution in order to max the chance of passing on the genes. This would mean all relationships are evolved to increase the survival of individuals and opportunities for successful reproduction. Buss suggested that women often seek older, successful men because these men can support them and their children; whereas men prefer younger women because they are likely to be more fertile than older ones. After successfully pass on the genes, we have to protect them so as to max the chance to pass on further. So we are evolved to form close families to protect our children as they shared genes with us. The closer the genes, the more we prepare to sacrifice to protect them. This is the kin-selection which suggests survival of an individuals genes is ensured by helping close relatives to survive. The claim for kin-selection is supported by Fellner Marshalls study who found that 80% of parents are willing to donate their kidneys to their children. This shows that people with the closest generic relationships (i.e. parents children) are willing to sacrifice to protect each other for their survival, thus support kin-selection. Therefore, this theory has made the specific nature of family worldwide- the enormous resources and energy devoted to children- explainable. This means it appears to gain validity. However, such validity is limited because it cannot explain other common relationships such as homosexuals and close friendships. If the claim that relationships are to reproduce successfully is true, it will not apply to homosexuals as they cannot pass on genes. Furthermore, Grajek found that women love their best friend more than their partners. This cannot be explained by this theory as friends outside relatives cannot help pass on genes and so should be as important as their partner. Grajeks contradictory findings have made this theory insufficient to explain most relationships.

Sheriffs Aims in Journeys End :: R.C. Sheriff Journeys End Literature War Essays

Sheriff's Aims in Journey's End What were Sheriff’s aims in writing Journey’s End and how successful was he in achieving those aims? Drama has been popular for ages because it is very entertaining. Another important feature of a drama is that they provide a message. ‘Romeo and Juliet’ is one of the most popular dramas in the world and is of a romance genre. It was written by the great writer, Shakespeare in 1595. ‘Journey's End’ is a play which portrays a picture of life in the First World War trenches. R C Sheriff’s main aim was to provide a moral message and to show an effective piece of drama. The drama also entertained the audience. Sheriff has been very successful in providing a moral message to the audience. He uses different ways to portray the message. One of the ways is that he uses the characters, how they feel being in trenches, with all the pressure and the bombarding. All the characters have the 'war fever', they don’t like living this way for too long, they are all frightened and would prefer being home with their families. We can see the fear clearly in the character of Hibbert when he says to Stanhope "Go on, then, shoot! You won't let me go to hospital. I swear I'll never go in those trenches again. Shoot! – and thank God -" One of Sheriff's main aims was to entertain the audience. He entertains the audience by recounting his experience in the trenches and the war. We also are educated as we are entertained. He also uses black humour, which is entertaining for the audience. The humour is used by the characters to forget about the real horrors of the war. Sheriff also uses sound effects in a very effective manner, most of the time it is silent, then suddenly you can hear the loud noises i.e. bombarding. Sheriff also uses complex characterization to make the play successful. The characters are different in every manner and this adds to the entertainment. The audience realizes that there is no glory in war and in reality; it is an evil which ultimately destroys every person. The play uses plenty of literary jargon, such as "dug-out, bit of line, minnies, boche, trench fever and topping etc." All the military terms used portray the effect of war and the sense of realism. The language used in the play is mostly formal, as in when they use "cheero, Righto, rugger etc". This is just the language used by the upper-class people of the time. They are also using formal language because the play is set in 1910.

Effects of Technology in Society

Technology has automated many of the critical processes in the industry as well the household. The electronic gadgets that have entered the homes of the common man have saved him the daily household work. Our world is ever changing an advancing in the realm of science and technology. Our dreams become cornerstones for the future. These days it seems hard to escape the presence of technology. Many of us depend on it to get us through the day, to do our job, to get around, and to find certain things. While technology has brought us such a long way, could it in fact be hindering us in other ways? What happens when these same technologies we so depend on fail? Could most forms of technology just be interruptions, ways of moving us further away from each other? Could Technology cause a form of isolation? We are faced with these questions every day, whether we realize it or not. Think of the days when there were no computers and no modern means of transport. Human life was highly restricted due to the unavailability of technological applications. Daily life involved a lot of physical activity. The life of the common man of those times was not as luxurious as that of the modern times, but he was more active. Daily exercise was integrated in the routine physical activities. It was contrary to the lifestyle of today, which carries no time slot for rigorous exercise and carries laze and inactivity. Think of the days when there were no online messengers, no emails and no cell phones. Indeed the cellular technology created the miracle of enabling communication over the wireless media. The communication facilities provided by the Internet worked wonders in speeding long-distance communication but also deprived mankind of the warmth of personal contact. Emails replaced handwritten letters and communication lost its personal touch. With the means of communication available a few clicks away, the tendency of taking pains to reach the loved ones has vanished. Times have witnessed this industry evolve from mechanical scooters to automated aircrafts. Animals were the only modes of transportation in day pass. Technology was the driving force behind the creation and design of the modern-day automobiles. Bicycles evolved into scooters and sports bikes. The idea of having four-wheeled modes of transportation gave rise to the creation of cars. Modes of air and water came up, thanks to technology. Machines have automated many of the crucial industrial processes. Machines are now taking up many of the mundane jobs that were once executed by human workers. One of the most important breakthroughs for technology was the agricultural system. The agricultural system was the basis for the technology of the future. The agricultural system brought on the need for transportation, workers and even, battles over land. The need for transportation brought vehicles into the market. The need for employees brought mechanical robots into society. Battles over land brought on the need for sophisticated weapons. The agricultural system brought on a revolution. The invention of the television can bring media and other forms of entertainment into your house with video and audio combined. Before 1950, newspapers and radio were the only ways to bring media or entertainment into the house. Mass production and other job opportunities brought many people from the suburbs and farms into the city. We can now have forms of electricity directed into our houses for heating and light. Humans are more reliant on technology than ever before. All of these technological advances sound great; however, there is a negative effect to all this technology. Technology can serve to actually harm humans rather than help them. Competition between companies or even cities can sometimes make lives for humans even worse. Take for example when a city builds better and more roads to attract tourists. This actually creates more traffic, not less. Technology also changes our sense of common purpose. New inventions such as the personal computer and machines can change our lifestyles. Even things we take for granted such as the automobile have negative effects on technology. The oil needed for a car to run needs to be imported and sometimes accidents such as the Exxon Valdez incident spills many gallons of oil into the ocean. All of these examples show how technology has negative effects on society. First, competition can lead to a negative effect of technology. When a company in the U.  S. produces shoes and a company in Great Britain produces shoes as well, they must fight for their market share. Let’s say the company in Great Britain purchases more machines that will reduce the amount of workers needed and improve output, and then they can reduce the price of their product. If the company in New York doesn't follow in their footsteps then they could be forced out of business. In this case the company is forced into buying the machines just so they can stay in business. This has a negative effect on the employees who will be replaced by the new machines. When a city wants to attract tourists by building better roads to lessen traffic there is a mistake because this will only create more traffic since there will be more people wanting to travel these roads. McManus says the inability to see the future is responsible for the negative effects of new technologies. He also states better roads cause more traffic congestion, not less. By creating better roads, more people will want to travel these roads (A-1). If New York City built a new sophisticated highway to attract more tourists then more New Yorkers will want to travel these roads as well. Many New Yorkers who previously used mass transit to travel to work will now want to use a car to travel to work. In effect there will be more traffic and more pollution. There will be other side effects as well. Real estate values of areas near the highway could go down. Competition can help a community in one aspect however it can hurt it as well. Competition can directly stimulate the economy; however, long term effects such as pollution and the loss of jobs could explain why the City of New York doesn't complete a project like this. Second, technology can change our sense of common purpose. For millions of years, mankind has been used to doing everything for themselves. For a long time peoples' main concerns were survival. To survive means to go out into the woods or forests and shoot animals for the food which the family needs to eat for the day. People of modern society never think about hunting for food or clothes. Now, it is all brought to people instantly through a new standard of survival. The new standard for survival means making money to go to a mall or supermarket and getting everything a family needs. A family can get food and clothing at these places without ever having to go into a forest or a lake. This thought is ever so frightening. When a person from modern society goes into a supermarket and buys a pound of fish, he or she doesn't even think of the process that went into the arrival of that piece of fish. He or she didn't need to go to a lake, all that was needed was to drive to your local supermarket and buy it. No fishing or hunting was necessary. Humans are losing their sense of common purpose. â€Å"But what ‘revenge effect' will this have? The technology- resistance movement begins by pointing out that we are cobbling together virtual communities while our real cities crumble, at least partly because our sense of common purpose has frayed. Today, only about 5 percent of American households are on-line, but what happens, the critics wonder, when half the country is wired? Will we escape the unpleasant complications of the world outside our locked doors by opting for communities in ‘cyberspace,' where we can enjoy the company of people who share our interests and our views? Where the streets never need to be cleaned and you don't have to keep an eye on your neighbor's house? What happens if the sirens outside become too distracting? Will we simply buy insulated drapes? Humans are getting lazy. Almost everything must be done for them in advance. However, sometimes this change in lifestyle is forced upon humans. When a company decides to buy robots to do the job that man once did, and then the human is forced into either getting fired or watching the machine all day long. Hopefully humans will not get used to watching a robot do all the work for them. Technology has definitely changed the lifestyle and common purpose of many humans. Conclusion In conclusion, society has recently seen the negative effects of society. Competition between cities and companies has taken away jobs and brought unwanted and costly projects into pleasurable areas. A change in lifestyle among almost every human being is yet another negative effect of technology. What has happened to people since supermarkets came to town? People do not want to hunt for food anymore. They find it much easier to walk into a store and purchase it. A third reason why technology has a negative effect on society is the advent of highly reliant possessions such as the automobile. Many people count on traveling to work every day by car. If the car was somehow taken away from people then there would be chaos. It is much too late to take it away. Humans are much too reliant on it. There is not enough mass transit to transport all of the present car users. Hopefully, future technologies will be fully considered. We must look at the advantages and consequences and measure if society will benefit or suffer from the technology. Past technologies weren't fully considered and if they were, there is a chance that the automobile never would have gone into production.

Value of a Dystopia Essay - 2321 Words

A perfect world with no negative aspects can be defined as a utopia. A utopia consists of having all the required or desirable elements of life that one has in mind. Everyone has an altered perception on what a utopia is, but in order for the world to be a utopia a universal definition is vital. Some elements to be considered in a utopia include a society that is stable socially, morally, politically, and economically. The more a world is in deficient to these key elements of a utopia, the farther the world travels from the parameters of a utopia. Through the analysis of the novel â€Å"Lord of the Flies†, the movies â€Å"Lord of the Flies†, â€Å"V for Vendetta†, and â€Å"Gattaca† and the song â€Å"Green Destroyed†, it is evident that a utopia is very†¦show more content†¦When the boys fooled around and did not fulfil their responsibilities, such as watching the fire or getting more wood for the fire, Ralph got mad but he did not try to make a change. Ralph did not enforce the rules; he had only warned them and kept doing just that. One reason it was hard to sustain was because there was no sense of leadership skills. â€Å"By now, Ralph had no self-consciousness in public thinking but would treat the day’s decision as though he was playing chess. The only trouble was that he would never be a good chess player (Golding. 128).† Ralph did not take on the proper leadership role that he should have, which was to lead by example. An example that illustrates this is when he told the boys to build tents; he could have shown them how to build them instead of just telling them to do it. Also when a situation did not go as planned, Ralph did not know what to do. There was a lack of hope for the future and a general lack of a positive outlook. It was also hard to sustain because there was a lack of entertainment which the boys wanted as a reward for their efforts but never did. There was never any fun such as m usic, chants, festivities or feasts. Entertainment is an aspect that helps to maintain a perfect world because it is a way to make people happy as happiness makes one satisfied. There was a value in the attempt of Ralph’s utopia. They were stuck on an island with no idea of when they wereShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of `` Night `` By Elie Wiesel1425 Words   |  6 Pagesin which people live dissatisfied lives under total control of the government. As terrible as dystopias are, there have been many instances of such societies in the past, and a copious amount of them are found in our current time. Although it may seem that mankind would learn from past experiences and be able to prevent the formation of dystopias, all failed endeavors at utopia, in turn, lead to dystopia. A prime example of this is found in the novel Night, by Elie Wiesel. The story recounts the HolocaustRead MoreBiblical And Literary Allusions Of Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 1735 Words   |  7 Pagesdown, realit y could become a dystopia similar to that in Fahrenheit 451. The idea of a dystopia plays a role in the novel through both the story itself and the presence of a Grand Inquisitor figure, but also is presented to pose the question of why a dystopia could occur at all. Before pondering the cause for too long, the audience first must have a clear understanding of what a dystopia is and how it plays a role in Montag s story. According to Birzer, a dystopia occurs when the highest authorityRead MoreThe Handmaids Tale As A Dystopian Society1207 Words   |  5 Pagestaken away. The Handmaid’s Tale creates a dystopia by placing restrictions on the individual’s freedom, using propaganda to control its citizens, and by having citizens of Gilead live in dehumanized ways. Furthermore, the creation of a hierarchal system in Gilead caused its citizens to lose the ability to feel empathy towards one another. In the search to create a perfect society, Gilead caused more harm and problems than expected which created a dystopia rather than a utopia. The Republic of GileadRead MoreDifferent Kinds Of Ecological Utopia852 Words   |  4 Pagesfilmmakers and artists, I came to believe that the value of ecological utopia is far more than an emotional one. Different kinds of ecological utopia visions can provide us with practical methods that could solve specific problems in our world, give us freedom to come up with new insights or perspectives in establishing a better world, or, more dramatically, endow us with the power to make the necessary changes in our lives. However, before evaluating the value of ecological utopia, it is important to defineRead MoreAnalysis Of Anthem By Ayn Rand1264 Words   |  6 Pagesof social alternative’ , but in actuality it is a means of speculation that reveals to the audience the real threats in society. It extrapolates contemporary socio-political trends taken into extremes , which compels its audience to re-examine the values of their society, resulting in an optimistic tale that gives the audience hope to escape their pessimistic future. Anthem by Ayn Rand (1937) is a detailed portrait of a collectivist society overstated for the purpose of satire and storytelling. AsRead MoreWhy Should Aren t Be Promote Fair Negotiation And Compromise?1529 Words   |  7 Pagescivilizations, the most dominant, persistent cultures and institutions will be the ones hard wired for their people to, at any cost, reproduce, be productive, and take over other societies, whether that involves absorption or exploitation. In my dystopia, I would explore behaviors of establishments that allow them to prevail, and how these behaviors inherently conflict with prioritization of the society’s inhabitants’ over all well-being, with the intention of making the audience question how farRead MoreThe Worst Is Not Yet For Come1111 Words   |  5 Pagescurrent trend in YA Dystopia, having their pages filled with doom and gloom, and the effect this will have on the minds of our future generations. Award winning author Reeve writes his plea to any author who might be considering writing a YA dystopia novel. He asks them to consider the current outlook of today’s futuristic novels, and to compare them with those of the past, claiming, â€Å"Tomorrow isn’t what it used to be† (Reeve, 225). It seems that the current trend in YA dystopia is to create worldsRead MoreKnowing Is Better Than Not Knowing1676 Words   |  7 Pagesbut do things if they want to. The Underground Man and Dostoyevsky explain why having a world of Utopia would be very easy and boring and someone would have a stop to it, even if it is good, because human being need their own desire, which leads to Dystopia.   In the novel, the Underground Man and Fyodor Dostoyevsky make the reader understand how the Utopian society is not a good idea. These socialists believe that if everyone knew what was best for them, nothing bad would happen in the world. If peopleRead MoreDoes The Promise Of Paradise Produce Hell?1134 Words   |  5 Pagesmiscalculates human selfishness and antithesis. It anticipates a change that will come from strategies designed from the upper authority but will not do anything to deal with the substantial problems of its base. There is a thin line between utopia and dystopia as dystopia is a utopia that has gone wrong, or a utopia that functions only for a particular segment of society. Based on Karl Popper’s theory of ‘‘those who promise us paradise on Earth never produce anything but hell’’, in the following text, problemsRead MoreThe Dystopia Of Gulliver s Travels1673 Words   |  7 PagesThe dystopia of Gulliver’s Travels In the narrative of Gulliver’s Travels, the journey of Gulliver had a series of events that led the readers to identify whether the novel was utopia or dystopia. Utopia is a place that is filled with perfect peace, it is a perfect world, no wars, no poverty, no discrimination, and etc., while dystopia is the total opposite, it is a bad place, the freedom to have independence without thinking correctly, and not having any control or any governments to govern

Collecting Data for the Problem Behavior

When you are writing an FBA (Functional Behavior Analysis) you will need to collect data. There are three kinds of information you will be choosing: Indirect Observational Data, Direct Observational Data, and if possible, Experimental Observational Data. A true Functional Analysis will include an Analogue Condition Functional Analysis. Dr. Chris Borgmeier of Portland State University has made a number of helpful forms available online to use for this data collection. Indirect Observational Data: The first thing to do is to interview parents, classroom teachers and others who have had ongoing responsibility for supervising the child in question. Be sure that you give each stakeholder the functional description of the behavior, to be sure it is the behavior you are seeing. You will want to explore instruments for collecting this information.  Many questionnaire formats evaluative forms are designed for parents, teachers and other stakeholders to create observational data that can be used to support student success.   Direct Observation Data You will need to determine what kinds of data do you need. Does the behavior appear frequently, or is it the intensity that is frightening? Does it seem to occur without warning? Can the behavior be redirected, or does it intensify when you intervene? If the behavior is frequent, you will want to use a frequency or scatter plot tool. A frequency tool can be a partial interval tool, that records how frequently a behavior appears during a finite period. The results will be X occurrences per hour. A scatter plot can help identify patterns in the occurrence of behaviors. By pairing certain activities with the occurrence of behaviors, you can identify both antecedents and possibly the consequence that is reinforcing the behavior. If the behavior lasts a long time, you may want a duration measure. The scatter plot may give you information about when it happens, a duration measure will let you know how long a behavior tends to last. You will also want to make an ABC observational form available for any people who are observing and collecting the data.  At the same time, be sure you have operationalized the behavior, describing the behaviors topography so each observer is looking for the same thing.  This is called inter-observer reliability.   Analogue Condition Functional Analysis You may find that you can identify the antecedent and consequence of behavior with direct observation. Sometimes to confirm it, an Analogue Condition Functional Analysis would be helpful. You need to set up the observation in a separate room. Set up a play situation with neutral or preferred toys. You then proceed to insert one variable at a time: a request to do work, removal of a favored item or you leave the child alone. If the behavior appears when you are present in a neutral setting, it may be automatically reinforcing. Some children will hit themselves in the head because they are bored, or because they have an ear infection. If the behavior appears when you leave, it is most likely for attention. If the behavior appears when you ask the child to do an academic task, it is for avoidance. You will want to record your results, not only on paper but perhaps also on a videotape. Time to Analyze! Once you have collected enough information, you will be ready to move on to your analysis, which will focus on the ABC of the behavior (Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence.)

Essay on Colonialism - 740 Words

Colonialism It is almost a given now that most everyone considers colonialism as a mistake. They thought that the spreading of ideas, culture, and religion would have a positive effect on the native cultures they colonized. In fact though, these changes had an adverse effect on the peoples of these countries. For although many laud the efforts of these countries to spread Christianity, some question the motives of these countries in dealing the everyday needs of these people. In seeing the natives as inferior the mother countries were able to justify their treatment of them. At this time many subscribed to the belief of manifest destiny and social Darwinism. This is the belief in which the colonizing of other countries is justified†¦show more content†¦In fact probably the best method would have been to leave the history part of education in the hands of the natives. In other subjects, such as math, the colonizing may then be able to add insights that may not have been apparent to the n atives. But as for the history of the country, there is nothing that a colonizing country can tell a native culture that wasn’t already known. As Jamaica Kincaid implies in her book, if there is one thing that was sorely missed after the English left Antigua it is the fact that for the first time in Antigua there were quality built, well organized places to learn. As kincaid explains in the book, the beautiful library built by the British has since been demolished. And although the renovations for a new one were supposed to end years ago it hasn’t worked out that way. The library has now been moved to a tiny apartment above a grocery store. Where once these books had been categorically stacked on shelves, they were now gathering dust, strewn across the floor and randomly inserted into cardboard boxes. This demise of education in Antigua says only one thing to me, that being that the emphasis of the government is in the wrong place. It is true that Antigua has had their problems with a corrupt government that is more interested in padding their pockets with foreign money than doing anything to improve the state of edu cation. For what does it mean when you have a Minister of Education, possibly thatShow MoreRelatedColonialism : Colonialism And Colonialism1821 Words   |  8 PagesJà ¡fia Petersen ENL 110B Professor Evan Watkins November 18th, 2014 Post-Colonial Colonialism Although Edward Said is one of the intellectuals who helped start the field of post-colonialism, the topic of colonialism in Orientalism raise the following question: is there such thing as â€Å"post-colonialism†? Is colonialism not happening every day in various forms? It seems that the only difference from modern colonialism to its classic meaning is that a ruler representing the colonizer has physically leftRead MoreColonialism740 Words   |  3 PagesPolitical legacy of colonialism in India A lot of countries were experienced of political legacy of colonialism. This essay will focus on concept colonialism and its reasons. This notion could be defined in different ways. Colonialism is a situation of some territory which ruled by another country. Colonialism is a political-economic phenomenon whereby various European nations explored, conquered, settled, and exploited large areas of the world. Colonialism developed from imperialism, which canRead MoreColonialism2524 Words   |  11 PagesDefine Colonialism (Western) Colonialism: A political-economic phenomenon whereby various European nations explored, conquered, settled, and exploited large areas of the world. The purposes of colonialism included economic exploitation of the colonys natural resources, creation of new markets for the colonizer, and extension of the colonizers way of life beyond its national borders. In the years 1500 – 1900 Europe colonized all of North and South America and Australia, most of AfricaRead Morecolonialism1163 Words   |  5 PagesHow should we evaluate colonialism? The colonial era lasted for 50-80 years in most African countries and left a lasting legacy. But many years pass before the definitive balance of its legacy can be properly struck. On the one hand, it is easy to see the destructive forces that were set loose; on the other hand, there was also a record of high-minded devotion and desire to serve the interest of the people who had come under foreign rule. Although Western countries had been in contact with AfricaRead MoreColonialism : A New Type Of Colonialism2124 Words   |  9 Pagesdeveloped. Colonialism is the reason why most of the world’s countries are still described as developing Nations. Colonialism is when a ruling power takes control over an alien people or a nation that is separate from their own, over an extended period of time. The legacies left by colonialism have made it difficult for those countries to build back their economies, governments and gain overall stability. As those countries that were colonized tried to develop, a new type of colonialism called neo-Read MoreColonialism And Post Colonialism By Ania Loomba886 Words   |  4 Pagesthe concept of colonialism and post-colonialism, with a particular focus on the impact in planning. Although both concepts are not new, Ania Loomba in her book â€Å"Colonialism and Post Colonialism† provides a more exhaustive research on the regards. She argues that colonialism is the physical occupation of territory whereas post colonialism deals with effect of colonization on culture and societies. She also expanded the concepts including two new terms imperialism and Neo-colonialism. This is notRead MoreAfrican Colonialism During Post Colonial Colonialism2100 Words   |  9 PagesIt is evident that European colonialism had deeply affected the political system within post-colonial Africa. One of the main leading legacies of colonialism that hindered the development of post-colonial African states would be the ethnic division and the state conflicts resulting from ethnic rivalry after independence . Scholars would argue the weakness within African politics would be due to creation of forty new states brought about by the European colonial powers in the Berlin Conference ofRead MoreColonialism And Imperialism1836 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"What do I think of Western civilization? I think it would be a very good idea.† – M ahatma Gandhi â€Å"I would say colonialism is a wonderful thing. It spread civilization to Africa.† – Ian Smith Over the centuries Colonialism and Imperialism have been viewed, justified and experienced differently throughout the world. The very idea created questions of both legitimacy as well as indignity in the minds of historians, writers, scholars and critics of the world. However, the growing incongruence andRead MoreColonialism in Nigeria1132 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Colonialism? Colonialism is a system where one country has taken over another and foists its political power, culture, religion and language on it, or as Kozowsaki puts it: â€Å"Colonialism is a system of direct political, economic and cultural control by a powerful country over a weaker one† (Kozlowski, 46). The following essay takes two underdeveloped countries – Nigeria and Iran – and assesses the impact of the colonial era on their contemporary politics and political systems. More specificallyRead MoreThe Selfish Act Of Colonialism : A Nascent Of English Colonialism1741 Words   |  7 Pagesis completely a nascent of English colonialism, because it’s plot is based around colonialism. The story describes white men inhabiting an island and proceed to fight for control, without any input by the natives. What makes this a story specifically about nascent English colonialism is the alluding fact that humans are power hungry, which will prove to be true within the Engl ish government when they start to invade other countries. The selfish act of colonialism is revealed through the characters

E-Commerce Technologies and Business Processes

Question 1: Analyze the current issues faced by the online groceries in Europe. What areas of the product delivery, customer service and supply change management are they handling well? What are the key issues and problems that they are currently faced with? What are the future trends in the online grocery business? Answer 1: Based on the case study of online food retailers in Europe and US, it can be said that presently the online groceries model is based on for business model represented below: Figure 1: Business models of online food retailers Hence online groceries in Europe are using one or any combination of four approaches to distribute grocery to customers. However it is important to know that success of online grocery shop depends on two critical factors i.e. market potential and distribution costs. Hence issue faced by online groceries in Europe revolves around these two factors. In online grocery market, if the market potential is high then distribution cost remains moderately high (Morganosky Cude, 2012, pp.17-26). However if the market potential is less then distribution cost becomes extremely high to a level where operating that online grocery business results in no profit. European online grocery market has been multiple issues, which can be understood from the case study provided. Firstly customers do not find online grocery shopping cost effective. Except few specific segments such as that of young professionals and young mothers, majority of the customers do not want to pay a premium for getting just an additional service of picking the product from store. Grocery shopping related decisions are often made during the process of shopping itself (Hansen et al, 2014). However, online grocery shopping wants specific inputs and deprive the end customer of that entire experience. It can be said that an average customer who has access to a good supermarket majorly prefers to buy his grocery by visiting the store rather than going for online grocery shopping. Also, for European retailers, cost of setting up online grocery retailing has translated into high distribution cost and additional operational expenses which ultimately erode the profitability of the b usiness. However despite of issues, there are certain areas where the online groceries are handling well, for example in a business environment of online grocery, these organisations are handling the product delivery in an efficient manner. Companies are offering their end customers a time bound time of delivery, in fact in model of click and collect as well; it hardly takes an average of 5 minutes for a customer to collect his purchased grocery. Customer service is another factor which is being handled efficiently. Major reason behind efficient handling of customer service is the one-time customer impact in case of wrong or poor customer experience from online grocery shopping. Organisations offering online grocery shopping know this fact very well that, there is no margin of error when it comes to customer experience for online grocery shoppers, because any issue such as wrong delivery of food items, or poor quality of the grocery delivered can completely change the customer perception towa rds the organisation and he can quickly move to his competitor or can all together abandon the online grocery shopping model itself. However Supply chain management is one such aspect which is still in nascent stage when it comes to online grocery shopping. Organisations are still trying to find out the optimum way through which they can provide an efficient supply chain model (Anckar et al, 2012). For example in Online to home model startups are renting dedicated warehouses to store the products, whereas in case of Drive through model customer drives and collects the item after placing the order beforehand. Main issue lies with the brick and mortar business such as Asda, Tesco etc. who are now transitioning from pure brick and mortar model towards a hybrid model where they have presence online as well they have physical shops as well. In such case extracting efficiency from their current supply chain management is the biggest challenge, which they are facing. Some of the key issues which are being faced by the online grocery retailers are: Getting the service model right Consumers are increasingly shifting towards online retailers who can provide best value for money. That is why consumers are increasingly shifting towards retailers who are offering home delivery. But for online grocery retailers, home delivery has its own set of challenges. Firstly for them it is an additional operational expense. Secondly handling supply chain in case of home delivery is completely different from other models such as click and collect etc. Online grocery shopping is not competitive Food and overall grocery retailing has always been a very competitive business. However the scenario completely changes when it comes to online grocery retailing. The amount of capital which companies are spending in setting up their online grocery shop is much more than the expected profit. Due to this reason, traditional stores across Europe and other parts of world still remains one of the most competitive ways of grocery retailing for organisations. Trust factor Majority of the population in Europe and United States, especially the one from middle age range still find it hard to trust on the quality of product delivered from online grocery stores. These people always prefer visiting the store, touch and feel the product and then only take a buying decision. Due to this reason, target customer market of online grocery retailing still remains less, however, despite of all challenges and issues which the organisations are facing in online grocery retailing. One thing is sure that future for online grocery retailing has tremendous potential. According to report by IGD Online sales are soaring and expected to more than double in value to 17bn by 2019, which is 8% of the total market. This means, that more and more people will be willing to shift towards this model in coming years. One major trend will be use of smart phones based shopping. Currently online grocery retailing is focused more on websites (Ramus Nielsen, 2013). With mobility already at a high rate, people are more and more shifting towards use of mobile applications to complete their day to day tasks such as banking transactions etc. In that case, online grocery retailers need to ensure that they are prepared with the mobile based application to support the customer demand for mobile based grocery shopping. Another major change which might surface is the partnership between brick-and-mortar business model and organisations offering pure online grocery shopping. This will help both business models to consolidate on each others strength and to remain efficient and competitive in current market situation. Question 2: Identify an Australian online store. Compare performance of this store with this store with the performance of the European grocery stores. What are the competitive advantages of the Australian seller? What are the areas where the Australian seller is falling behind? What e-commerce technologies and business processes would you advise the Australian company to adopt in order to improve its performance and increase its market share? Answer 2: There is no doubt, that today internet has become the next big battleground for the supermarkets giants, as they see their revenue gradually increasing from online grocery shopping. In Australia, online grocery shopping is one of the fastest growing segments with profit of more than $2.45 billion. In terms of performance of Australian and European online grocery stores, it can be said that Australian online grocery stores are more profitable compared to their European counterpart. This can be understood by example of Woolworths-Australian major retailer, for which online shopping increased in range of 50% taking its profit from $0.8 billion in 2013 to $1.2 billion in 2014. In which the organisation delivered more than 3 million items to homes. Whereas on other hand, profitability of European online grocery retailers remain in range of 10-15%, this drops further in case of hybrid model offered by brick and mortar retailers who are managing both types of business model. In Europe brick and mortar model still dominates and accounts for more than 75% of the total revenue earned from the grocery shopping in 2013. It doesnt mean that European sellers are not competitive enough, but the amount of acceptance which Australian online grocery retailers have got is much ahead of what European grocery retailers are yet to achieve. For example Australian online Grocery retailers have several competitive advantages: Impact of demographics Demographics have a major role in success of online grocery stores in Australia. For example, in Australia more than 40% of the total population in Australia comes in the age bracket of 25-45 years. This is one major target customer segment for the online grocery websites, as this is the age group which comprises of working professionals, students, young mothers etc. who forms the major customer segment of the online grocery. However, in case of Europe, demographic is one major issue. It is a proven fact that Europe is going through ageing problem, which means major part of European population is above 50 years of age. As already mentioned in the case study, online grocery retailers user base is from young segment of population. Due to this reason, Australian online grocery retailers are relatively more profitable and progressive as compared to their European counterpart. Population spread In online grocery websites, home delivery is one major aspect. Whether it is click and picks model, or home delivery model, expansion of population plays a major role in ease of delivery. Europe as a continent has a vast geographical region with spread of population in a larger area. Due to this reason, setting up the logistics for facilitating the home delivery is a major issue for many retailers. That is why; online grocery retailers might be successful in a densely populated area, but their efficiency decreases when they enter into area where population density is less. In case of Australia, its geographical spread is far less as compared to European cities, due to which population density in each of the major cities is high which makes it a high potential market, and online grocery retailers find it much each to cater to the masses and provide services such as home delivery etc. without much increase in their operational cost. Competitive environment In Europe online grocery sector is relatively less competitive, as it is mainly spearheaded by already existing players such as Tesco PLC, ASDA, Sainsburys etc. These organizations already have monopoly in the brick and mortar model, due to which there are less small online grocery organizations further resulting into decline in competition (Delaney-Klinger et al, 2013). On other hand, Australian online grocery market is dominated startups, which means there is more scope of competition, which further results into competitive market. More competition in market helps in a better option for the end customer who gets benefitted from new offers, schemes, discounts etc. Australian online grocery market however needs to catch up in terms of quality. As per report, in initial phase of the online grocery market there have been many issues reported related to quality of the product delivered to the customer. In case of Europe this is one major advantage; despite of less profitability companies are not taking chance with the quality of the product, especially since it might impact their brand name. Also, amount of capital which European company has to infuse in their business is huge, because many of the already established company have been running their retail business since many years. On other hand, Australian online grocery market has lack of investors and capitals, due to which they find it difficult to scale up their business. Overall it can be said that Australian company can become more efficient in their operations, but focusing on their supply chain management. They need to identify loop holes in their existing SCM processes, and accordingly t ake corrective actions to rectify it. They can also focus more on use of new technologies such as cloud computing to reduce their operational expenses. References Morganosky, M. A., Cude, B. J. (2012). 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